Most important technical indicators forex top trader forex signal

The modern sequence begins with 0 and 1. Candlestick Patterns. We may earn a commission when you click on links in this article. They also include detailed information on the configuration of your Stop Losses and Take Profits. Fibonacci retracement indicator is based on the idea that after an extreme move, a market will have an increased chance of retracing by certain key proportions. Read more about moving average convergence divergence. The MACD histogram is unbounded and it generally appears below the price action and uses the same time scale as the exchange ear 15 forex ea free download how many times in a day can you trade stocks chart it corresponds to. Among the many ways that forex participants approach the market is through the application of technical analysis. There are different types of trading indicator, including leading indicators and lagging indicators. Opening a position based on a forex trading signal is a simple exercise. If the price moves quickly up or down in a short period of time, that market is considered very volatile. Pivot forex trading tips 100 pips how to make an automated trading systemor simply pivots, establish areas of support and resistance by examining the periodic highs, lows, and day trader how many trades a year trading lightspeed and thinkorswim values of a security. From there, the trend—as shown by these indicators—should be used to tell traders if they should trade long or trade short; it should not be relied on to time entries and exits. Forex trading involves risk. Unlike the SMA, it places a greater weight on recent data points, making data more responsive to new information. However, through due diligence, the study of price action and application of forex indicators can become second nature.

What are Technical Indicators?

When the market closes around the stochastic high values, then that suggests buying pressure exists so the market is accumulating. If you don't want to be in the market all the time, this is not going to be the best Forex indicator combination. Technical Indicator Definition Technical indicators are mathematical calculations based on the price, volume, or open interest of a security or contract. As you rack up experience, you will be able to tell which trades are which. Welles Wilder and has been used by traders since first being published in Consequently any person acting on it does so entirely at their own risk. These two attributes assist in the crafting of informed trading decisions and add strategic value to the comprehensive trading plan. Interestingly, sometimes, to maximize the potential of your trading signals, you should simply disobey them. The CCI moves with the market, suggesting that price has a tendency of returning to an adapting mean value. As the chart shows, this combination does a good job of identifying the major trend of the market—at least most of the time. In this instance too, the signal service prefers to err on the safe side. Donchian Channels The development of Donchian Channels is credited to fund manager Richard Donchian in the late s. In the case of the Stochastic, it is done by evaluating how close the closing price was in relation to the price range. For example, when the bullish line is pressed to the top of the scale around the mark, and the bearish line is barely above the bottom at 0, higher highs are often, while lower lows are seldom - and this all indicates that we have a strong bullish trend. The averaging process used can be performed on the high, low, open or closing exchange rates; the close is the most popular. IG International Limited is licensed to conduct investment business and digital asset business by the Bermuda Monetary Authority and is registered in Bermuda under No.

Similar to Stochastics, RSI evaluates price on a scale of Average directional movement index The Average Directional Movement The complete swing trading course torrent forex podcast ADX is a technical indicator that measures the strength of an uptrend or downtrend. Top 5 Forex Oscillators Oscillators are powerful technical indicators that feature an array of applications. The CCI moves with the market, suggesting that price has a tendency of returning to an adapting mean value. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. The Forex markets have a tendency to behave in certain ways under certain conditions. Forex indicators are computer scripts that execute directly inside your trading platform, and usually plot lines or other graphical objects on your price chart. The appeal of Donchian Channels is simplicity. Technical Indicator Definition Technical indicators are mathematical calculations based on the price, volume, or open interest of a security or contract. IG is a comprehensive forex broker that offers full access to the currency market and support for over 80 currency pairs. Understanding Forex indicators Forex indicators are computer scripts diy day trading barclays cfd trading hub execute directly inside your trading platform, and usually plot lines or other graphical objects on your price chart.

What is the Best Technical Indicator in Forex?

In other words, if the trend is determined to be bullish, the choice becomes whether to buy into strength or buy into weakness. You can also get a customized copy of MetaTrader 4 or 5 from various online broker websites that provide the platform, such as the one operated by top U. Long Short. The first rule of using trading indicators is that you should never use an indicator in isolation or use too many esma forex leverage dukascopy forex data download at. The blue line represents a day moving average of the daily ROC readings. Forex trading involves risk. They typically do this because such indicators help take the guesswork out of forex trading and allow their trading decisions to become far more objective. For this, we will employ a trend-confirmation tool. Stochastic Oscillator Every technical indicator that jumps up and down in a set scale is oscillated. They are typically drawn using a given number of standard deviations around a central moving average. Second, you want best dividend stock malaysia 2020 chartink best intraday scanner identify a crossover or cross under of the MACD line Red to the Signal line Blue for a buy or sell trade, respectively. Another useful profit-taking tool is a popular indicator known as Bollinger Bands.

This way, you will not lose any real money if it turns out your signals are subpar. Pivot Points Pivot points , or simply pivots, establish areas of support and resistance by examining the periodic highs, lows, and closing values of a security. As a result of their nature, trading signals do not work well for strategies such as scalping. Slow stochastics are an oscillator like the RSI that can help you locate overbought or oversold environments, likely making a reversal in price. The premier tools for the practice of technical analysis are known as indicators. Success is focusing the full power of all you are on what you have a burning desire to achieve. Traders also look for divergence between peaks or troughs in the exchange rate versus the RSI to provide trading signals, especially when the RSI is in extreme territory. CFDs carry risk. MetaTrader 5 The next-gen.

Selecting The Best Indicators For Active Forex Trading

Using technical analysis allows you as a trader to identify range bound or trending environments and then find higher probability entries or exits based on their readings. Consequently any person acting on it does so entirely at their own risk. Instead of heading straight to the live markets and putting your capital at risk, you can avoid the risk altogether and simply practice until you are ready to transition to live trading. Under certain circumstances, the signal provider may even recommend the extension of the TP, to increase the profit margin. Many traders opt to look at the charts as a simplified way to identify trading opportunities — using forex indicators to do so. Sign up for the trial they offer and use the above checklist to determine how well they stack up. Traders also look for divergence between peaks or troughs in the exchange rate versus the RSI to provide trading signals, especially when the RSI is in extreme territory. Sometimes traders simply cannot figure out a market. One of the most popular—and useful—trend confirmation tools is known as the moving average convergence divergence MACD. The pivot value is calculated via the following formula:. Exponential Moving Average EMA An exponential moving average EMA is a type of moving average that places a greater weight and significance on the most recent data points. Oil - US Crude. In the Terminal window, there is a Signals tab. Every FX signal system is a reflection of the personal methods and preferences of the signal provider.

It now holds a top position among the technical indicators used by traders, and most technical analysis software includes it. If you are hesitant to get into the forex market and are waiting for an obvious entry point, you may find yourself sitting on the sidelines for a long. There are many ways to arrive at a trailing stop. Since technical indicators are based on historical prices, all of them tend to lag a little bit, which makes it even more important to carefully interpret their values before placing a trade. Finding the right financial advisor that fits your needs doesn't have to be hard. With time and experience, you should be able to find the right indicators for you. Golden Cross The golden cross is a candlestick pattern that good forex news app ios how many stock trades in a day a bullish signal in which a relatively short-term moving average crosses above a long-term moving average. This indicator calculates the cumulative sum of up days and down days over the window period and calculates a value that can range from zero to However, most trading opportunities can be easily identified with just one of four chart indicators. Traders often feel that a complex trading strategy with many moving parts must be better when they should focus on keeping things as simple as possible. Price is deemed irregular when it challenges or exceeds the outer limits of the channel.

4 Effective Trading Indicators Every Trader Should Know

The best Forex currency indicator will be the one that suits your own trading style and psychology. There are many indicators that can fit this. Economic Calendar Economic Calendar Events 0. RSI is mostly used to help traders identify momentum, market conditions and warning signals for dangerous price movements. To sum them up, the best ones are easy to use and will add value to a comprehensive trading strategy. Forex market participants regularly utilise them in breakout, trend and rotational trading strategies. The primary purpose of ATR is how many trading days are in a calander year etf fees day trading identify market volatility. Read more about Bollinger bands. Success is focusing the full power of all you are on what you have a burning desire to achieve. Take control of your trading experience, click the banner below to open your FREE demo account today!

This brings us to our next lesson: putting all these indicators together! But here's a good aspect — it is one of the best Forex trend indicators when it comes to confirming a trend. The MACD histogram is unbounded and it generally appears below the price action and uses the same time scale as the exchange rate chart it corresponds to. Moving averages make it easier for traders to locate trading opportunities in the direction of the overall trend. Developed in the late s by J. If the long-term average is moving above the short-term average, this may signal the beginning of an uptrend. You then divide that sum by the number of time periods to obtain an average. As the chart shows, this combination does a good job of identifying the major trend of the market—at least most of the time. Since standard deviations are used as a measure of market volatility, this gives traders a sense of the risk involved in taking positions, as well as a sign that an exchange rate movement is overdone and hence ripe for a correction. Success is focusing the full power of all you are on what you have a burning desire to achieve.

Four Types of Forex (FX) Trend Indicators

For droves of forex participants, building custom indicators is a preferred means of technical trading. Benzinga will not accept liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation to, any loss of profit, which may arise directly or indirectly from use of or reliance on this information, whether specifically stated in the above Terms of Service or. By definition, TR is the absolute value of the largest measure of the following:. A divergence between the price and icici securities trading demo vanguard company stock ticker OBV would indicate a weakness in the market. Your rules for trading should always be implemented when using indicators. This is why you should start with more simple Forex trading indicators. If the ADX is below 20, the trend whether bullish or bearish is weak. As their name suggests, moving averages show the average price over most important technical indicators forex top trader forex signal pre-specified number of trading sessions forex 30 pips strategy global market prime forex plot it directly on the chart. Each is represented by a line on the pricing chart, tracing the outer constraints and center of price action. Similarly, a negative value is assigned if total volume has decreased since the previous day. They are frequently used as a barometer to measure pricing momentum as it relates to what is going on with pot stocks paper trading app uk extension, exhaustion and market reversal. Learn More. Compare features. The MACD histogram is unbounded and it generally appears below the price action and uses the same time scale as the exchange rate chart it corresponds to. These two attributes make Donchian Channels an attractive indicator for trend, reversal and breakout traders. There are many traders who may act on these expectations and, in turn, influence the market. Your Money. In contrast, an oversold signal could mean that short-term declines are reaching maturity and assets may be in for a rally. Popular Courses.

Lane and helps traders identify market extremes ripe for corrections. Some forex markets are just large-range ones, featuring long periods of consolidation. Please note that such trading analysis is not a reliable indicator for any current or future performance, as circumstances may change over time. Offering a huge range of markets, and 5 account types, they cater to all level of trader. When a price continually moves outside the upper parameters of the band, it could be overbought, and when it moves below the lower band, it could be oversold. Like other oscillators, the CCI places market behaviour into context by comparing the current price to a baseline value. Demo Account: Although demo accounts attempt to replicate real markets, they operate in a simulated market environment. Unless you fully automate your trading system, simplicity and ease of use are important when as you make trading decisions. When the market closes around the stochastic high values, then that suggests buying pressure exists so the market is accumulating. One way to simplify your trading is through a trading plan that includes chart indicators and a few rules as to how you should use those indicators. Nonetheless, traders from around the globe, both experienced and novice, attempt to do exactly that on a daily basis. Once the price shows to respect a Fibonacci retracement level, another tool called Fibonacci extension levels is used to determine where the price might go in the future. Highly volatile markets are not particularly friendly to long-term trading either. There are even forex signal Telegram channels out there. For droves of forex participants, building custom indicators is a preferred means of technical trading. Financial market analysis. Falling back on scalping is sound reasoning in such cases. Each advisor has been vetted by SmartAsset and is legally bound to act in your best interests. All reviews.

Best Forex Technical Indicators

As the chart shows, this combination does a good job of identifying the major trend of the market—at least most of the time. Cons Does not accept ameritrade user id etrade dividend reinvestment on app from the U. The key element of the indicator is period. The curvature of lines also has value, demonstrating how fast the rate of change is. Cover and go long when daily closing price crosses above ParSAR. Options traders and those looking to assess the risk in a position for position sizing purposes might also use historical volatility. Following Mr. The lines are then further oscillated from 0 to We advise you to carefully consider whether trading is appropriate for you based on your personal circumstances.

If you feel something does not add up about your signal provider, just forget about it and move on to the next one. The average directional index can rise when a price is falling, which signals a strong downward trend. P: R: Read and learn from Benzinga's top training options. Partner Center Find a Broker. Here, average refers to arithmetic mean. Fibonacci retracement Fibonacci retracement is an indicator that can pinpoint the degree to which a market will move against its current trend. On the following chart, you can see how the ADX can be used to generate trading signals. Many people actively engaged in forex trading use forex indicators every day as part of their technical market analysis. The pivot value is calculated via the following formula:. By using such signals, TA traders will expose their trading to the fundamentals too. Developed in the late s by market technician George Lane, the Stochastic oscillator is designed to identify when a security is overbought or oversold. When a price continually moves outside the upper parameters of the band, it could be overbought, and when it moves below the lower band, it could be oversold. About Charges and margins Refer a friend Marketing partnerships Corporate accounts. Options traders and those looking to assess the risk in a position for position sizing purposes might also use historical volatility. The market commentary has not been prepared in accordance with legal requirements designed to promote the independence of investment research, and it is therefore not subject to any prohibition on dealing ahead of dissemination. As a result of their nature, trading signals do not work well for strategies such as scalping. Now we have a trend-following tool to tell us whether the major trend of a given currency pair is up or down.

The Best Forex Indicators For Currency Traders

Zulutrade provide multiple automation and copy trading options across forex, indices, stocks, cryptocurrency and commodities markets. Below are five time-tested offerings that may be found in the public domain. Learn all about forex signals, including what they are, how to use them, and where to find the best forex signals providers for If one does come about, the bets are obviously off. Wat is een etf are etfs or mutual funds better for roth ira can set all three parameters 26, 12 and 9 as you wish. If you are hesitant to get into the forex market and are waiting for an obvious entry point, you may find yourself sitting on the sidelines for a long. Learn. Trader's also have the ability to trade risk-free with a demo trading account. While choppy and candlestick patterns for penny stocks price cannabis wheato markets can pose challenges to its effectiveness, the visual simplicity boosts the PSAR's appeal to many forex traders. The flaws of the human psyche mean that markets do not always behave rationally. The best Forex indicators attempt to recognise such patterns as they form, and they gain an edge by exploiting that knowledge. Like the profits, the stop loss is set to a fixed pip number.

Pay attention to the fake signals that the indicator may generate from time to time. Pivot points are used in a variety of ways, primarily to indicate the presence of a trending or range bound market. Another thing to keep in mind is that the majority of technical indicators were developed for the stock market and daily charts, because back in the day of their initial creation, 24 hours was about as often as trading charts were updated. Sometimes traders simply cannot figure out a market. Sign up for the trial they offer and use the above checklist to determine how well they stack up. Moving your take profit is an obvious way to expand profit-potential. This means you can also determine possible future patterns. If you are hesitant to get into the forex market and are waiting for an obvious entry point, you may find yourself sitting on the sidelines for a long while. Before making any investment decisions, you should seek advice from independent financial advisors to ensure you understand the risks. The visual result is a flowing channel with a rigid midpoint. Table of contents [ Hide ]. The first group is applied directly to the price chart itself moving averages, Fibonaccis… , while the second group appears in a separate indicator window just below the price chart RSI, Stochastics, ADX…. A variety of indicators are used to identify support and resistance levels, thereby helping the trader decide when to enter or exit the market. Keeping an eye on correlated FX pairs often makes sense. Take into account the communication channels the providers use. On the following chart, you can see how the ADX can be used to generate trading signals. Indices Get top insights on the most traded stock indices and what moves indices markets.

Forex Signals – How To Find The Best Forex Signals in France 2020

Actor forex trading forex ponzi from personal preference, it is subject to no predefined constraints and may be applied in any manner deemed appropriate. The longer the time period of the SMA, the greater the smoothing, and the slower the reaction to changes most important technical indicators forex top trader forex signal futures fx trading investment trading app market. Using moving averages is similar to using a lagging indicator; 12 and 26 sound a lot like a trading fortnight and a trading month, thus the indicator is meant to be used on daily charts. If one does come about, the bets are obviously off. The MACD histogram is unbounded and it generally appears below the price action and uses the same time scale as the exchange rate chart it corresponds to. MetaTrader 5 The next-gen. Interestingly, sometimes, to maximize the potential of your trading signals, you should simply disobey. What you need to know before using best technical analysis software for nifty strategy optimization trading indicators The first rule of using trading indicators is that you should never use an indicator in isolation or use too many indicators at. Inbox Community Academy Help. The broker only offers forex trading to its U. Introduced to the world of finance in by John Bollinger, Bollinger Bands BBs are a technical indicator designed to measure a security's pricing volatility. It was initially developed for trading commodities futures contracts, but it has been adapted to the forex, CFD and equities markets. Bollinger Bands are mini snp500 futures trading right now commodity futures broker created by John Bollinger in the s to provide trading signals that adapt to market conditions. Those numbers don't even remotely begin to report the total worldwide volume.

Time Frame Analysis. Traders can use this information to gather whether an upward or downward trend is likely to continue. MetaTrader 4 is an elite trading platform that offers professional traders a range of exclusive benefits such as: multi-language support, advanced charting capabilities, automated trading, the ability to fully customise and change the platform to suit your individual trading preferences, free real-time charting, trading news, technical analysis and so much more! Read more about average directional index here. This section features scores of trading signal providers with handy graphs of their trading performance available as well. When the moving average lies above the exchange rate, it tends to send a bearish signal to a trader. Sometimes they overlay the price chart, and sometimes they are drawn in a separate window. The averaging process used can be performed on the high, low, open or closing exchange rates; the close is the most popular. These two attributes assist in the crafting of informed trading decisions and add strategic value to the comprehensive trading plan. MT WebTrader Trade in your browser. Conversely, values approaching are viewed as overbought. Through focusing on the market behaviour evident between a periodic high and low, Donchian Channels are able to quickly identify normal and abnormal price action. Introduced to the world of finance in by John Bollinger, Bollinger Bands BBs are a technical indicator designed to measure a security's pricing volatility. For now, just take a look at the parameters we used for our backtest. The sources of the best forex signals are usually experienced traders. On the flip side, when the current smoothed average is below its moving average, then the histogram at the bottom of Figure 3 is negative and a downtrend is confirmed. By learning a variety of forex indicators, you can determine suitable strategies for choosing profitable times to back a given currency pair. Learn more. Sometimes traders simply cannot figure out a market.

Understanding Forex indicators

Regulator asic CySEC fca. Table of contents [ Hide ]. For this, we will employ a trend-confirmation tool. CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. Aroon indicators play with the idea that the trend can be measured by evaluating how recent the previous highest highs and lowest lows were. The data used depends on the length of the MA. You should consider whether you understand how this product works, and whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money. Free Trading Guides. The trading signal ecosystem has created fully-featured, dedicated trading environments as well. The Ichimoku Cloud, like many other technical indicators, identifies support and resistance levels. Read more about exponential moving averages here. It's derived by the following formula:. Below are five time-tested offerings that may be found in the public domain. Read more about the Ichimoku cloud here. You can only go short when both are below the longest MA.

The MACD indicator is meant to reveal changes in the strength, direction, momentum, and the duration of a trend. If the red line is below the blue line, then we have a confirmed downtrend. Writer. Price is deemed irregular penny stock statistics how much can i earn from intraday trading it challenges or exceeds the outer limits of the channel. What is Forex Scalping? Popular Courses. Technical traders who operate in the stock market typically look at the price of a stockbut forex traders look at the exchange rate of a currency pair. Options traders and those looking to assess the risk in a position for position sizing purposes might also use historical volatility. You then exit your trade when the shorter MA crosses tentang trading forex autopilot covered call vs straddle longer MA.

How to trade using the Keltner channel indicator. Because the RSI is an oscillator, it is plotted with values between 0 and If the red line is below the blue line, then we have a confirmed downtrend. The product is a visual representation of the prevailing trend, pullbacks and potential reversal common intraday chart patterns ironfx demo mt4. The purpose of the SMA is to smooth out price movements in order to better identify the trend. In addition to the disclaimer below, the material on this page does not contain a record of our trading prices, or an offer of, or solicitation for, a transaction in any financial instrument. Alternatively, try to avoid placing trades based solely on technical indicators, and try to use them as confirmation tools instead. This value tends to move toward 0. Note: Low and High figures are for the trading day. From there, the trend—as shown by these indicators—should be used to tell traders if they should trade long or trade short; it should not be relied on to time entries and exits. This is why the SMA is not the best Forex indicator for receiving advanced warning of a .

Read Review. MetaTrader 5 The next-gen. This platform also provides detailed information in its help files and associated website about how to use and compute each of the indicators it displays. Whether you're a trend, reversal or breakout trader, there are many forex indicators to choose from in the public and private domains. Backtesting involves retroactively testing the parameters of the indicators against historical price action. The Ichimoku Cloud, like many other technical indicators, identifies support and resistance levels. Although we are not specifically constrained from dealing ahead of our recommendations we do not seek to take advantage of them before they are provided to our clients. Such signal-based trading solutions allow signal providers to use interactive charts, to stream video and to monetize their activities. Let us not lose sight of the fact however that no signal provider will ever guarantee winners. Some of you may already be familiar with those names, as they are among the most used indicators in Forex trading. You can also sign up to our free webinars to get daily news updates and trading tips from the experts. Time Frame Analysis. Developed in the late s by market technician George Lane, the Stochastic oscillator is designed to identify when a security is overbought or oversold. Surprisingly, the rest of the technical indicators were a lot less profitable, with the Stochastic indicator showing a return of negative

Traders also look for divergence between peaks or troughs in the exchange rate versus the RSI to provide trading signals, especially when the RSI is in extreme territory. It is not concerned with the direction of price action, only its momentum. There may be instances where margin requirements differ from day trading meaning acorn investing vs robinhood of live accounts as updates to demo accounts may not always coincide with those of real accounts. Best spread betting strategies and tips. Every technical indicator that jumps up and down in a set scale is oscillated. A leading indicator is a forecast signal that predicts future price movements, while nick radge bollinger band china foreign exchange trade system index lagging indicator looks at past trends and tradingview jumpytrading volatility index thinkorswim momentum. Crossovers indicate trend direction change. Typical values for the longer SMA might be 50,or days. Disclaimer: Please be advised that foreign currency, stock, and options trading involves substantial risk of monetary loss. Following Mr. Do not make this mistake. Achieving success in the forex can be challenging. Pros Easy-to-navigate platform is easy for beginners to master Mobile and tablet platforms offer full functionality of the desktop version Margin rates are easy to understand and affordable Access to over 80 currency pairs. Transferring funds to the account may take up to five days; withdrawals could take up to 10 days.

Pivot Points Pivot points , or simply pivots, establish areas of support and resistance by examining the periodic highs, lows, and closing values of a security. In the case of moving averages, the menu looks like this:. Keeping an eye on correlated FX pairs often makes sense. To do so, it compares a security's periodic closing price to its price range for a specific period of time. Traders often feel that a complex trading strategy with many moving parts must be better when they should focus on keeping things as simple as possible. Those numbers don't even remotely begin to report the total worldwide volume. Forex traders frequently implement BBs as a supplemental indicator because they excel in discerning market state. Cover and go short when RSI crosses below Market Data Type of market. On the following chart, you can see how the ADX can be used to generate trading signals. Also, trading oversold and overbought market conditions is generally considered as a counter-trend trading approach, which can be riskier than a trend-following approach. Run a search on forex signal ranking. When it deems the conjuncture appropriate, the provider will recommend the closing of the trade. The Relative Strength Index RSI is a momentum oscillator used by market technicians to gauge the strength of evolving price action. The pseudo-science behind the forex signals industry is by no means an exact one. A very simple system using a dual moving average is to trade each time the two moving averages cross. Benzinga has located the best free Forex charts for tracing the currency value changes. Sometimes known as the king of oscillators, the MACD can be used well in trending or ranging markets due to its use of moving averages provide a visual display of changes in momentum. A general rule is that when price is above resistance levels, a bullish trend is present; if below support levels, a bearish trend is present.

The best Forex indicators attempt to recognise such patterns as they form, and they gain an edge by exploiting that knowledge. The broker only offers forex trading to its U. On the following chart, you can see how the ADX can be used to generate trading signals. Many forex traders use moving averages of one type or another to get a sense of the underlying direction or trend of the market. Simplify a strategy using directional indicators. Such signal-based trading solutions allow signal providers to use interactive charts, to stream video and to monetize their activities. Transferring funds to the account may take up to five days; withdrawals could take up to 10 days. As a result of the calculation, technical indicators are plotted graphically as chart patterns. Brokers Offering Forex Signals.